The history of makeup is a fascinating journey that spans centuries and civilisations, reflecting cultural shifts and societal changes.
Ancient Egypt
The earliest records of makeup usage date back to ancient Egypt, around 4000 BCE. Egyptians pioneered the use of cosmetics for both aesthetic and practical purposes. They used kohl to line their eyes, enhancing their beauty and protecting them from the harsh sun. Both men and women wore makeup, and it was often associated with status and religious significance. The famous Cleopatra is frequently depicted with dramatic eye makeup, symbolising power and divinity.
Ancient Greece and Rome
Moving forward to ancient Greece and Rome, makeup practices evolved but continued to hold significant cultural importance. Greeks preferred a more natural look, using white lead to achieve a pale complexion and rouge made from crushed mulberries for their cheeks. On the other hand, the Romans were known for their elaborate beauty routines, which included using chalk and white lead to lighten their skin and wine to tint their lips. They also used saffron and other natural dyes to colour their hair and eyebrows. Makeup in these societies was a symbol of beauty and a marker of social standing.
The Middle Ages
In the Middle Ages, the use of makeup declined significantly in Europe, primarily due to the influence of the Church, which associated cosmetics with vanity and sin. However, this did not wholly eradicate the desire for beauty. Women still used natural ingredients like herbs and flowers to enhance their appearance. It wasn’t until the Renaissance that makeup saw a resurgence. Influenced by the revival of art and culture, men and women began adopting more elaborate beauty routines. Queen Elizabeth I, for example, was known for her striking white face powder made from lead and vinegar, which became a trend among the aristocracy. Unfortunately, this practice did irrevocable damage to the skin and, ultimately, overall health as lead poisoning was a common occurrence.
The 18th-21st Century
The 18th century saw makeup become more accessible, with the French court, particularly under Louis XV, setting the trend for elaborate and colourful cosmetics. This era also saw the development of the first commercial cosmetics, with entrepreneurs like Madame de Pompadour popularising beauty products. However, the French Revolution shifted attitudes, with simple and natural beauty becoming the new ideal.
The 19th century introduced significant advancements in chemistry, leading to safer and more varied cosmetics. This period also saw the rise of the beauty industry, with brands like Guerlain and Rimmel emerging. The invention of the first commercially available lipstick in the late 1800s marked a turning point in makeup history.
During World War 2, lipstick sales soared due to the ‘lipstick effect’ when consumers still spent money on small indulgences during recessions, economic downturns and times of hardship. Britain, in particular, was eager to promote feminine glamour to oppose the enemy’s traditions, and bright red lipstick became an everyday staple in women’s advertisements. These advertisements also played a massive role in encouraging women to take on the essential jobs left vacant when the men left for war.
Shaping Trends and Redefining Standards
The post-war era saw the rise of various beauty brands like Revlon, Estée Lauder, and Max Factor, which brought innovative products to the market—the mid 20th century revolutionised makeup with the advent of Hollywood. The silver screen popularised makeup trends and made cosmetics a staple in women’s daily routines. Icons like Marilyn Monroe and Audrey Hepburn set beauty standards that resonated globally.
Today, the makeup industry is a multi-billion dollar global enterprise, continually evolving with new technologies and trends. Diversity and inclusivity have become central themes, with brands offering a more comprehensive range of products catering to different skin tones and types. The rise of social media has also democratised beauty, allowing influencers and everyday users to shape trends and redefine standards. From its ancient roots to its modern-day innovations, the history of makeup is a testament to humanity’s enduring desire for self-expression and beauty.
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Author: Caroline Camber
Caroline Camber is a professional makeup artist and skincare expert working throughout North Wales, Shropshire and Cheshire. She specialises in bridal, occasion and prom makeup but also gives one-to-one makeup consultations and lessons. For more information, visit carolinecamber.com, email hello@carolinecamber.com or call 07814 442 041.
